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Checked exceptions I love you, but you have to go

Wednesday, September 16, 2009
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Labels: Java , Misko Hevery

34 comments :

  1. TetsuoSeptember 16, 2009 at 12:10:00 PM PDT

    Do you think it would be feasible to prune checked exceptions from Java, say, just make the compiler to interpret them just like unchecked ones (maybe with a command line flag)?

    Would there be any incompatibility problems, besides forward-source-compatibility (older versions of javac would not be able to compile it)? I couldn't think of any case... in this case, die, checked exceptions! XD

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  2. UnknownSeptember 16, 2009 at 12:14:00 PM PDT

    Rather than wrapping exceptions, have you seen @SneakyThrows from project lombok? I'm not sure I agree with it, but it's an interesting idea…

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  3. MattSeptember 16, 2009 at 12:25:00 PM PDT

    Interesting article.

    One question, at which level do you catch LogRuntimeException? Entry point into your application?

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  4. Dennis DoubledaySeptember 16, 2009 at 1:00:00 PM PDT

    There are good things about checked exceptions, too. I know this opinion runs counter to the direction that most practitioners are moving in.

    Checked exceptions have been overused, no question. But I am glad that checked exceptions are there because it gives me the option of using them where they really add value.

    Exception conditions are rare by definition--it is quite easy to overlook them when constructing tests.

    No doubt unchecked exceptions make things easier for the developer. So does dynamic typing--at the cost of a class of errors that are only detected at runtime.

    If I throw a checked exception from a library method, I am telling the library user that this is a condition that can arise and you must deal with it it some way, even if it might only be passing it up the chain, or silently (shudder) swallowing it. This might be a condition that the library user wouldn't otherwise even realize is a possibility, much less make plans to deal with it.

    I don't think your analogy to a "checked if" is apt, since not all (or even most) if blocks actually require an else block. It just isn't the same as an exceptional condition.

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  5. AndySeptember 16, 2009 at 1:29:00 PM PDT

    I covered similar ground in my checked exceptions are waste post.

    Joshua Bloch also recommends against using checked exceptions in Effective Java.

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    1. GiliMarch 5, 2018 at 9:58:00 AM PST

      No, he does not. If you re-read Effective Java you will find that Joshua recommends using checked exceptions for what they were designed for, and avoiding their use for what they were not designed for. The only thing he does in this book is clarify their use. See also https://stackoverflow.com/a/19061110/14731

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  6. Patrick JohnsonSeptember 16, 2009 at 1:44:00 PM PDT

    Nice post! Back when I wrote more Java code I used to have these sorts of problems frequently -- exception handling causing more annoyance/clutter than usefulness. It is often the case that you would rather crash with a reasonable error message (which you can debug later) than try to continue execution of the program in a bad state. Having a generic LogRuntimeException seems like a good approach to this problem.

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  7. Wim CoenenSeptember 16, 2009 at 3:12:00 PM PDT

    "Since that time, no other language (I know of) has decided to copy this idea"

    Actually, Spec# has checked exceptions. I suppose this enables the static program verifier to prove object invariants and method contracts even for cases where such exceptions are thrown.

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  8. Sam BarnumSeptember 16, 2009 at 3:50:00 PM PDT

    Checked exceptions certainly have a place, but are often overused, or used incorrectly.

    It's certainly annoying catching exceptions which can't happen. Notable examples are UnsupportedCharsetException and CloneNotSupportedException. Although your byte[] to String example came across a bit contrived, given that there's a String constructor which takes a byte[]...

    Some Exception classes are checked when they should in fact be unchecked. This seems like a rather subjective decision to make when designing an API. Integer.parseInt() may throw a NumberFormatException, but this is unchecked. Over time, we developers have learned to check for this exception, after having been burned a few times by bad numeric data. If NumberFormatException were a checked exception, it would be extremely annoying, I'll grant you that.

    What if instead of only "checked/unchecked" there were some "severity" indicator, and your IDE could warn you if it looked like some exception wasn't being handled adequately?

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  9. SteveLSeptember 16, 2009 at 3:55:00 PM PDT

    Your strategy is similar to Ant, with a BuildException something you can throw anywhere. But remote calls doesn't like the undeclared stuff so well, another reason why not to like RMI or SOAP

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  10. StephaneSeptember 16, 2009 at 9:38:00 PM PDT

    An other empirical evidence is found in a lot of large code base in the wild : in order to try to reduce the number of catch/rethrow of the checked exceptions, a MyApplicationException checked exception is created at the top in the exception hierarchy of the application.

    Then all checked exceptions are chained in a MyApplicationException...
    and all method signature then have a "throws MyApplicationException"...
    And now you don't even need to catch the MyApplicationException...

    See a pattern here ? it is an emulation of an unchecked exception (as the exception is allowed to bubble up without catch/rethrow), but with more verbosity ('throws' clause everywhere) and lost semantic (the original exception is always a 'cause' of the MyApplicationException)

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  11. UnknownSeptember 16, 2009 at 10:34:00 PM PDT

    I have same opinion. Like following code snip, BadLocationException will never happen but I have to write the dead try-catch code or there will be a compile error.

    StringReader inp;
    try {
    inp = new StringReader(doc.getText(0, doc.getLength()));
    } catch (BadLocationException e) {
    // This should never happen
    TCE.logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Met BadLocationException - "+e.getMessage());
    return null;
    }

    I like the idea of LogRuntimeException.

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  12. offlineSeptember 16, 2009 at 10:59:00 PM PDT

    Checked exceptions are hardly convenient in the anonymous inner class example you provide, but the solution would be the same if you only had checked exceptions. The problem is that the writer of the ASM library does not expect the exception to be thrown, and hence doesn't declare it.

    You're also missing one of the most common patterns in checked exceptions in Java: rethrow and wrap using the XXXException(String message, Throwable cause) constructor. This can be used to provide a lot of information useful in diagnosis.

    Consider the hypothetical 'SqlDuplicateKeyException' you mention. Logging this in a large, busy application is close to useless, as there is no context.

    However, if this is rethrown at multiple levels with cause information it is a lot clearer what has happened

    AccountCannotBeCreatedException ("Account SecretSwissBankAccount cannot be created") caused by DataShardException ("Error updating data on shard 10.61.10.12") caused by SqlDuplicateKeyException ("ORA-00001: unique constraint violated.")

    Conveys a lot more information than

    LogRuntimeException("ORA-00001: unique constraint violated.")

    Using 'generic' exceptions like SQLException that have code or state information means that you can handle the various classes of exceptions (recoverable by retry, recoverable by reconnect, unrecoverable) for multiple versions of multiple vendors databases using relatively small lookup tables. Many libraries (including I believe Hibernate) use this in order to provide more logical information to their callers, without having a) to link against the drivers themselves to get an OracleDuplicateKeyException, b) rely on the JDBC specification for this, c) Use Class.getName().

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  13. UnknownSeptember 16, 2009 at 11:10:00 PM PDT

    'Checked exceptions' as a concept are strikingly similar to 'tall midgets'.

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  14. UnknownSeptember 17, 2009 at 12:34:00 AM PDT

    OMG!

    Checked exceptions are Good Thing.

    I was Delphi programmer before Java.
    Delphi has only runtime exceptions.
    It's a Evil!

    Some exceptions you can find only after several weeks in production!

    It's like a dynamic typed language with its weaknesses but without its benefits.

    Checked exception is also a kind of documentation, which lazy programmer can't omit (look Delphi help for example - there is a lack of information about throwing exceptions)!

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  15. Phil BarrSeptember 17, 2009 at 1:57:00 AM PDT

    I think checked exceptions are a good idea, but are so easily abused that they need changing. The way C# deals with exceptions is equally as terrible, just by "pretending they're not there". It's like writing "throws Exception" on everything.
    The evidence is in Microsoft's own frameworks. Ever used Sharepoint? You don't get exception messages when things go wrong, just "object not set to an instance of an object". Silverlight? No exceptions, we'll just give you a blank screen, 'cos we didn't inform you that what you were doing could throw exceptions.
    So I think unchecked exceptions are just as bad as checked exceptions. What we need is something else...although I'm not sure what that is yet...

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  16. UnknownSeptember 17, 2009 at 5:09:00 AM PDT

    RE: Lost in Noise, Empirical Evidence

    If a catch block is just a catch and rethrow, then you don't need to define it. Just let the offending method call throw the exception and declare it. No catch clutter there.

    If you're wrapping the exception and re-throwing it, then you're adding context that could be useful further up the stack.

    FileNotFoundException and IOException are not simply edge cases. If you're not careful, you'll pay for it later when IT introduces a networked file system (AFS, GFS, NFS) under your code to help manage your application or site.

    RE: Unreachable Code

    You're writing bytes using an OutputStream abstraction, which requires a checked IOException. If you don't like it, use a different abstraction or write your own.

    RE: Lost Fidelity

    You should never catch an exception and throw a new one. You should always wrap your exceptions. HibernateException.getCause() = the original underlying SQLException. That way you don't lose fidelity.

    RE: You can't do Anything Anyway

    If your method has a return type, you can return null or some default value.

    When faced with a checked exception you have to ask yourself: do I want to handle it here or pass it up the stack to, say, the web application container or the client code. If you trust that they'll do the right thing, then pass it on. Otherwise, you know better the details of what just happened, so it's usually best for you to handle it yourself, even if it's just logging it or ignoring it.

    RE: How I deal with the code

    Where you log the exception is also important. A LogRuntimeException is likely to only be handled at the highest-level entry point in your code. If you're wrapping your exceptions correctly, you may have to dig through a few getCause() results to find the line where the error originated.

    The line where you throw the exception, which can be logged as well, can also be important. That line may contain some comment that helps you understand what's going on. You decided to catch at that location for a reason. Catching everything generically at the top level loses that location-based context.

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  17. Kevin BourrillionSeptember 17, 2009 at 9:10:00 AM PDT

    Re: unreachable code,

    Unreachable code isn't the worst thing in the world; you just slap down a "throw new AssertionError(e)" and you're done, and coverage tools well ought to recognize that an AssertionError should never be reached.

    Anyway, are you sure your example code compiles? Because the methods of ByteArrayOutputStream don't throw IOException. The problem only comes up when your reference is of type OutputSream.

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  18. Eric JainSeptember 17, 2009 at 12:24:00 PM PDT

    Even if you can't do anything, catching, wrapping and rethrowing an exception allows you to get more context (e.g. method arguments) into the stack trace. Too bad Java isn't able to do this automatically.

    Hibernate converts the generic (and not so useful) SQLException into a detailed exception hierarchy, e.g. ConstraintViolationException, so this may not be the best example for your argument.

    Should also mention that you can call Throwable.getCause(); handling errors this way isn't pretty, of course.

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  19. Ash LuxSeptember 17, 2009 at 1:01:00 PM PDT

    happygiraffe said: Rather than wrapping exceptions, have you seen @SneakyThrows from project lombok? I'm not sure I agree with it, but it's an interesting idea…

    project lombok is interesting, but isn't it IDE specific right now? Supported only by Eclipse?

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  20. Ash LuxSeptember 17, 2009 at 1:07:00 PM PDT

    The bytesToString method can be tested. By creating a FakeIOExceptionThrowingOutputStream that always throws an exception in the write method.

    With that said, it is totally not worthwhile and I agree with your point.

    Unfortunately Java has some chunkiness to it that makes some things difficult or impossible to test, or just not worth testing.

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  21. Steve FreemanSeptember 17, 2009 at 2:14:00 PM PDT

    Checked exceptions have a respectable history in Modula-3 (paraphrasing Hoare, a great improvement on its successors), and possibly CLU. The problem is that Java f***ed it up, like many of its features. They missed off the FATAL pragma, which allowed programmers to declare a checked exception as fatal within a scope and stop checking it.

    Also, from what I've seen, a lot of coders just don't put the time in to structure their exception hierarchies play together well.

    In the longer term, I'm sure there could have been language constructs to manage the common cases more effectively than try/catch/ignore. Nothing changed.

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  22. UnknownSeptember 17, 2009 at 3:29:00 PM PDT

    One major problem IMO about java's implementation of typed errors system is that it doesn't mix well with the type system. For instance when I say List[string] I'd like to say sometimes List[string throws ParseException] and this will mean that throws is part of a type of the value that you can either receive as a parameter or return. There is also some space for syntax improvement, but checked exception is in no way a bad idea per ce.

    In .net, when passing around delegates or anonymous functions (like anonymous classes) it becomes quite hard often (because of lazyness) to figure out where to catch the exception. A type system could very useful in such cases and even more when multi-threading and parallelism is involved.

    It is not checked exceptions that breaks abstraction boundaries, it is just bad design. What breaks abstraction boundaries is having exceptions crossing all the stack to the top with information it carries.

    I guess to find the use of checked exceptions u need to structure your code in a way were your pure algorithmic code resides away of exception, then reading files code handles exception and passes pure data to this algorithms.

    The problem is very similar to null being default to any type.

    Errors showing in type system is quite useful, it can be certainly implemented or used better than how it is in Java.

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  23. Michael SnellSeptember 18, 2009 at 1:27:00 AM PDT

    Checked exceptions should be thrown by methods where failure is possible due to problems outside the control of the code (typically related to IO - eg disk space, files not existing etc).

    In most cases, these checked exceptions can be rethrown as unchecked exceptions with additional detail and nested checked exception, which is important when supporting production systems - eg:

    try {
    File f = new File(filename);
    ..
    } catch (IOException) {
    throw new RuntimeException("IO Exception processing " + filename, e);
    }

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  24. UnknownSeptember 20, 2009 at 10:13:00 PM PDT

    The anti-checked camp is large because most people these days work on web apps, for which I agree most exceptions are unrecoverable.

    However, when workflows aren't limited to user request-response loops, things aren't so easy. For code paths that don't start or end at a user, if something goes wrong, there's got to be a catch clause somewhere to handle it. And you better not forget it. I work on an app like this, and 95%+ of my catch clauses do interesting work, and God bless the checked ex for ensuring that I write them.

    Are writing catch clauses fun? Not usually. But ignoring exceptional cases is not a responsible alternative. Checked ex's are unpopular because developers are lazy.

    People always say of unchecked ex's: Only catch the ones you want to handle. Well how do you know? Better hope the docs are complete (ya right). And don't forget that with unchecked ex's, not only do you have to worry about exceptions thrown by the methods you call directly, but also all the methods they call, and so on down the stack. With checked ex's, you always know what to expect.

    Anything, three abstraction layers down, could throw, and you have to somehow figure it out. And even if you do, catching an exception defined beneath an abstraction layer by definition breaks abstraction. Should you really be catching your high fidelity SQLExceptions in the presentation tier?

    Java's checked exceptions are an linguistical treasure, and people will begin to realize that when they're gone.

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    1. UnknownMay 5, 2017 at 10:55:00 AM PDT

      mrpantsuit,
      I'm giving you a standing ovation with your response. The problem with Java's documentation is that CheckedExceptions are not well documented. A RuntimeException is basically a programming error while a checked Exception is ????

      I have finally come down to the understanding that if a RuntimeException is a programming error due to failing to test code (e.g. test for null, or if within bounds of an index, etc) before it is executed then a Checked exception is used for running code that can not be tested in advance. For example, transferring data over a network [cable unplugged], writing to a file system [disk full], or executing code using 3rd party libraries where pretesting the conditions is not possible.

      Cheers!

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  25. UnknownSeptember 22, 2009 at 6:23:00 AM PDT

    I think Bruce Eckel should be credited here - he's been one of the first people to question checked exceptions.

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  26. EduSeptember 22, 2009 at 7:56:00 PM PDT

    The alternative to throwing FileNotFoundException is to return an error code and check it in the caller (if ... else). But what if your method is supposed to return some data? Checked exceptions are a means of communication between a caller and a method, independent of the normal flow of control. When used carefully, they can improve readability of the code, and also testability (fewer code paths). One problem in Java is that exception handling (locating the boundaries of the block in which an exception is thrown) is very slow, because of the way Java stores and looks up this information.

    Checked exceptions should not be thrown when your program enters a bad state from which it cannot recover. For this you have runtime exceptions. Rather, checked exceptions should indicate wrong user input, bad commandline arguments, etc.

    Your example with the ByteArrayOutputStream does not demonstrate a problem with checked exceptions, but with Java. Only close() declares IOException, but it never throws it, because it doesn't do anything anyway (at least in Java 5), so it should not declare it.

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  27. TSeptember 22, 2009 at 11:35:00 PM PDT

    I think a good trade-off for checked exceptions would be if there was an annotation equivalent. We could easily indicate to the tools the possible code's behavior and don't force anybody to rethrow the exception or otherwise clutter the code.

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  28. UnknownSeptember 25, 2009 at 4:58:00 PM PDT

    In your implementation classes you can declare in the method signature any runtime exceptions that may occur in the method. This may be useful if there is a particular runtime exception that you want people to be on the look out for. It doesn't have to be declared in the interface or anything, so it doesn't have the same "forced ripple" effect that checked exceptions have, and the users of the class are not forced to catch it. The topic of checked exceptions is one that Rod Johnson has talked about at length in his books prior to Spring if one is looking for supplemental reading.

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  29. UnknownSeptember 26, 2009 at 10:11:00 AM PDT

    @John: the "forced ripple" is a pro for checked exceptions, not a con. Much of this checked ex bashing would subside if they would just add some sugar to the language to easily wrap them in runtime's. The multi-catch would've helped, and it sucks that it's not going in Java 7.

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  30. Reinier ZwitserlootOctober 13, 2009 at 4:20:00 AM PDT

    Hey, if you want to turn them off entirely, you can do that.

    This jar, if you add it to the classpath when you compile with javac, will treat every exception as if it was an unchecked exception:

    http://projectlombok.org/disableCheckedExceptions.html

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  31. EricJune 3, 2013 at 3:41:00 PM PDT

    "2-5% of the catch blocks which are not rethrow"

    That's crazy. Please don't blame a tool because you're using it incorrectly. Every language has areas where you can do dumb things and cause problems.

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  32. Thomas WMay 30, 2014 at 8:35:00 PM PDT

    Good article! 'Throw early, catch late' is the principle. Checked exceptions require handling to be placed in places where code can't recover, and make it more difficult to place exception-handling where code *can* actually deal with it. (Retry an outbound request level, retry an outbound connection, or cleanly fail an incoming request).

    Placing a whole load of low-quality "pseudo-reliability" code elsewhere just detracts from system quality & reliability. There's no point retrying reading or writing a single byte, retries must be at the business/ or request level. Anything else is pretty much bad/confused code.

    http://literatejava.com/uncategorized/checked-exceptions-javas-biggest-mistake/

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